What is phonology?
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The phonological system of a language includes
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- an inventory of sounds and their features, and
- rules which specify how sounds interact with each other.
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Phonology is just one of several aspects of language. It is related
to other aspects such as phonetics, morphology, syntax, and pragmatics.
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Here is an illustration that shows the place of phonology in an interacting hierarchy of levels in linguistics:
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| Comparison: Phonology and phonetics |
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Phonetics …
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Phonology …
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Is the basis for phonological analysis.
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Is the basis for further work in morphology, syntax, discourse, and orthography design.
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Analyzes the production of all human speech sounds, regardless of language.
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Analyzes the sound patterns of a particular language by
- determining which phonetic sounds are significant, and
- explaining how these sounds are interpreted by the native speaker.
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| Models of phonology |
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Different models of phonology contribute to our knowledge of phonological representations and processes:
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- In classical phonemics, phonemes and their possible combinations are central.
- In standard generative phonology,
distinctive features are central. A stream of speech is portrayed as
linear sequence of discrete sound-segments. Each segment is composed of
simultaneously occurring features.
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In non-linear models of phonology, a stream of
speech is represented as multidimensional, not simply as a linear
sequence of sound segments. These non-linear models grew out of
generative phonology:
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Phonology is a branch of
linguistics concerned with the systematic organization of
sounds in languages. It has traditionally focused largely on study of the systems of
phonemes in particular languages, but it may also cover any
linguistic analysis either at a level beneath the word (including
syllable, onset and
rhyme,
articulatory gestures, articulatory features,
mora, etc.) or at all levels of language where sound is considered to be structured for conveying
linguistic meaning. Phonology also includes the study of equivalent organizational systems in
sign languages.
The word
phonology (as in
the phonology of English)
can also refer to the phonological system (sound system) of a given
language. This is one of the fundamental systems which a language is
considered to comprise, like its
syntax and its
vocabulary.
Phonology is often distinguished from
phonetics. While phonetics concerns the physical production, acoustic transmission and
perception of the sounds of speech,
[1][2]
phonology describes the way sounds function within a given language or
across languages to encode meaning. In other words, phonetics belongs to
descriptive linguistics, and phonology to
theoretical linguistics. Note that this distinction was not always made, particularly before the development of the modern concept of
phoneme in the mid 20th century. Some subfields of modern phonology have a crossover with phonetics in descriptive disciplines such as
psycholinguistics and
speech perception, resulting in specific areas like
articulatory phonology or
laboratory phonology.
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